A Gallery of Great Federation Design
Table of Contents
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These beautiful heritage buildings are works of Art. They are known by their own names, and are mixed media masterpieces often with fancy brickwork, fine tiling and at best parquetry flooring, with complex skilled joinery, artistic embellishments such as ornate ceilings, beautiful artisan lead light windows and a valued heritage.
The individual residences showcased here are each listed in the References below.
Federation Style
Federation style derived from the architecture of the English Revival which celebrated variability – sometimes referred to as the aesthetic of the ‘picturesque’.[1]
- The picturesque aesthetic can also be seen as a rejection of the modern world of darkened cities, factories and mass production in that it celebrated traditional craftsmanship through the varied use of materials such as stone, brick, shingle and timber.
- See also Picturesque Queen Anne
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| The Fairfax family’s vast harbour-front Point Piper estate, Elaine, is being introduced to the market as “Elaine Gardens”, worth $80m. The picturesque Gothic home has been owned by the Fairfax media dynasty since 1891 when it was bought for £2100. |
Federation Exteriors
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| Edzell, 76 St Georges Road Toorak Victoria, in English Revival (Queen Anne) style |
1. Queen Anne Style
The Queen Anne style took its name from the British monarch of late 17th century but, in reality, derived inspiration from the Tudor and other earlier periods.
- The Gothic (Queen Anne) Revival style is part of the mid-19th century picturesque and romantic movement in architecture, reflecting the public’s taste for buildings inspired by medieval design. This was a real departure from the previously popular styles that drew inspiration from the classical forms of ancient Greece and Rome.
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| The Gables Mansion and Gardens by Ussher and Kemp |
| The grand Federation home, “Lugano”, 17 Victoria Square Ashfield |
Richard Norman Shaw was the Revival’s most influential British exponent in the late 19th century.
In Australia, this became the Federation Queen Anne style
Its clearest identifying features are:
- tall striated brick chimneys,
- striped Tudor-style batons on gables, called ‘half timbering’,
- overhanging upper-storey windows called oriels and
- ornamental timber work particularly on verandahs.
- See also Federation Queen Anne style
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| Picturesque design especially at the roof level at 27 Balwyn Road, Camberwell, Victoria by Architects Ussher and Kemp |
‘Queen Anne’ exteriors tended to be asymmetrical with elements such as a turret or unexpected circular window added for interest and delight. In this respect English Revival architecture was a reaction against a formulaic and predictable Georgian classicism.
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| Booloominbah by John Horbury Hunt, UNE Armidale, Southern Elevation |
“The principle behind the “English Revival” (Queen Anne) or “Gothic” home is one of frankness.
That is, the exterior is a frank expression of the interior.
“The (smaller) English Cottage style is notable for its steeply pitched, cross-gabled roof.
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Two Launceston Federation Houses,
designed by Queensland Architect J. Martyn Haenke
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| Lenoma, 7 Chrystobel Crescent Hawthorn, Victoria |
“This gracious six bedroom and study Federation residence c1910 is a grand two-level domain of rich original charm and light
with street and parkland frontage in the exclusive heart of the prestigious Grace Park Estate”
2. Arts and Crafts style
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| Hollowforth, Neutral Bay, by Architect Edward Jeaffreson Jackson | Redleaf, 8 Redleaf Ave, Wahroonga NSW |
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| Patterns of Arts and Crafts.jpg |
Even more than Queen Anne, Arts and Crafts celebrates the artisanship of the carpenter, bricklayer, mason, plasterer and glazier.
Arts and Crafts placed added emphasis on the variation of materials. But the elements of the Arts and Crafts design tend to be less flamboyant and overtly historical than those in Queen Anne.
- The English designer William Morris is most often associated with this movement in Britain.
- In Australia, architect John Horbury Hunt is NSW’s most prominent designer ofFederation Queen Anne and of Arts and Crafts style
- Melbourne’s designers in this style include Harold Desbrowe-Annear, Rodney Alsopand Walter Butler.
- See also Federation Arts and Crafts and
- Arts and Crafts Housing in Australia
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| Hollowforth by architect E. Jefferson Jackson |
Arts and Crafts celebrated traditional craftsmanship through the
- varied use of materials such as stone, brick, shingle and timber.
- fine detailing and natural ‘organic’ shapes – flowers in particular – were important.
- rough-cast (or pebble-dash) style wall decoration is an important component of the style, adding another form of natural finish.
- See Federation Arts and Crafts style
- Contemporary North American architecture, too, was influenced by this craft revival. It, in turn, influenced aspects of Australian architectural design, particularly with the local adoption of the wall hung timber shingle.
- The Arts and Crafts Movement was one of the most influential, profound and far-reaching design movements of modern times. It began in Britain around 1880 and quickly spread across America and Europe
“Trevenna” Armidale NSW, is clearly representative of the domestic architecture of Hunt. - See also Shingle styles in Australia
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| Officer House, Eaglemont Vic 2008 |
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| Federation Arts and Crafts home at 4 Elsmere Street East Launceston; THR ID #4183 |
3. Federation Bungalow style
The Federation Bungalow style employed design elements of the other two styles but usually in a simplified fashion.
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| ‘Travancore’ – by Ussher & Kemp, 608 Riversdale Road, Camberwell |
- A Federation Bungalow was typically single storey with emphasis on the verandah; the element that characterised the original bungalow derived from colonial India. [4]
Federation Bungalow Home, ‘Amalfi’ 2 Appian Way, Burwood, NSW
The Federation Bungalow style was the Australian response to the bungalow style that was developed in America by people like Gustav Stickley.
- Gustav Stickley was a furniture manufacturer, design leader, publisher and the chief proselytizer for the American Craftsman style, an extension of the British Arts and Crafts movement.
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| ‘Travancore’ – Ussher & Kemp Grandeur – 608 Riversdale Road, Camberwell, Vic. |
- See the Melbourne work of Architects Ussher and Kemp
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| Rokeby, the house at 78 Athelstan Road, is a red brick Federation house with a return verandah and angled corner bay, anchored compositionally by two projecting brick wings to the east and south. |
- ‘Rokeby’s site placement, angled corner bay, and placement of a pyramidal roof form punctuated by projecting sitting room and dining room bays, is a clear and mature reflection of the external massing that would mark the Federation period.
- Its pinwheel placement of rooms around a central hall became thoroughly characteristic of internal planning in the Federation period.
- Rokeby is quite close to the seminal Federation plans by Alfred Dunn and Beverley Ussher of 1889-1892.”
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| ‘Blackwood’ 13 Kasouka Road, Camberwell, Victoria |
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| Federation Bungalow design at 15 Currajong Avenue Camberwell VIC 3124 (part of the Sunnyside Estate) |
By 1915 the bungalow was being promoted as the ideal home, in contrast to the terrace house form popular in the nineteenth century. (e.g. “Bring Back Bungalows“)
- In the years immediately after World War I, an Australian variant of the bungalow emerged, a brick house with the characteristic series of low gables. See Federation Bungalow style
- See also Beecroft Federation Heritage
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| Tessellated verandah tiling is a very desirable feature at ‘Susquahana’ 162 Cross Road, Malvern SA |
4. Federation Filigree Style
Federation Filigree was designed to create shade while allowing for the free flow of air. The “Queenslander’ is the foremost example of this style.
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| Earlsferry is a two storey brick, iron and timber house in the Federation Queen Anne style. | May Gibbs was one of Australia’s foremost children’s authors and illustrators. known for the iconic Australian children’s story, The Complete Adventures of Snugglepot and Cuddlepie |
| This Queenslander is one of the most spectacular timber houses in Brisbane: Cremorne, heritage-listed Hamilton Hill riverfront mansion at 34 Mullens Street, Hamilton QLD 4007, sold for over $7 million on 18 December 2015 |
These houses have:
- balconies screened with decorative balustrading
- cast-iron (or later: timber) balustrades and brackets
- common verandah posts, panels, friezes and brackets, which were manufactured products made in Australia,
These houses are instantly recognised as Federation for the following features:
- Dominant hipped roofs, often broken by false gables
- Turned or square timber verandah columns supplemented by elaborate timber decoration
- Leadlight or coloured glass windows
- Late 19th or early 20th Century period of construction
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| Monterey Federation Apartments at 1 Avenue Road MOSMAN, NSW |
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| Kianga – Vaucluse Federation House |
Federation Interiors
Overseas interior trends influenced Federation interiors in Australia:
- The Gothic Period was a revival by the Victorians in the 19th Century and was a style that had a religious symbolic base.
- The Victorian Period provided a great change for the middle-class home. Goods and services became more accessible for the general population, and pride in the home began to show.
- Art Nouveau is considered the first style of the 20th Century, and a movement forward in the way design was concepted, coming from the present rather than looking back at the past. In interiors, Art Nouveau influenced joinery, leadlight glass and wallpapers.
Art Nouveau interior at Werona, 33 Trevallyn Road, Trevallyn, Tas 7250
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| Art Nouveau joinery and leadlight at Chadwick House designed by Desbrowe-Annear in Melbourne |
- The Arts and Crafts movement, and then
- Edwardian style are major influences on our Federation interiors.
Edwardian interior at Braemar, 36 Currajong Avenue, Camberwell, Vic
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| Wall panelling and picture rails at Edzell House 76 St Georges Road Toorak Melbourne |
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- The artistic and build quality of the timber joinery is considered the ‘measure’ of Federation interior decoration.[5]
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| Ornate bay window arch at Travancore, 608 Riversdale Road, Camberwell, Victoria |
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| Ornate interiors at Coomaroo, 63A Albany Road Toorak, Victoria |
- Inside the house, colours were muted but decoration was ornate.
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| Leadlight glass at 46 Bowen Crescent Carlton North 3054 |
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1. Australian motifs
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| from “The Federation House” by Hugh Fraser and Ray Joyce |
- Australian motifs abound with flora and fauna both displayed in the plaster ceilings or used in fabrics, wallpaper, glass and tiles.
- The most prevalent Australian motif is the ‘rising sun’ as a gable decoration.
2. Coloured glass or lead-light
- Coloured glass or lead-light was used throughout Federation homes and the top panels of the front door often featured panels of colour in soft pastels with Art Nouveau or Australian motifs.
- Leadlights or leaded lights are decorative windows made of small sections of glass supported in lead cames, and impart elegance and romantic charm to the rooms they illuminate.
- This tradition is a Gothic influence, deriving from the stained glass of Gothic Revival churches.
- Federation leadlight is usually inspired by Art Nouveau, and so has a fanciful, natural theme:
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| Leadlight glass at 46 Bowen Crescent Carlton North 3054 |
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| Ornate leadlight glass at Carramah, 31 Canterbury Road, CAMBERWELL, Victoria, by Architects Ussher and Kemp |
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| The Gables Tea-room: Renowned Queen Anne architects Ussher and Kemp celebrate Australian flora and fauna in the intricate plasterwork and leadlight throughout the Gables mansion. |
3. Bulls-eye windows
- Round bulls-eye windows as well as bay windows were popular.
4. Bay Windows
- The bay window would often house a window seat .
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| Ornate bay and (wider) bow windows at Auld Reekie, 511 Royal Parade Parkville, Vic. Their external view is illustrated below. |
- ‘Auld Reekie’ is of architectural significance to the State of Victoria.
‘Auld Reekie’ is architecturally significant as intact example of an Edwardian era villa in the so-called Federation Queen Anne style. - This style, arguably one of the first distinctive Australian architectural styles, is illustrated by the elaborate roof detailing, picturesque appearance and materials of red brick and terra cotta tiles.
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| Auld Reekie, 511 Royal Parade Parkville |
5. French Doors
- A French door is a door style consisting of a frame around one or more transparent and/or translucent panels (called windows or lights) that may be installed singly, in matching pairs, or even as series.
French doors at Carramah, 31 Canterbury Road Camberwell Vic, by Architects Ussher and Kemp - French doors have a purpose beyond style. The windows in the door allow more light to enter a room.This was important in a time before the discovery of electricity, as it allowed people to have light in their homes for a longer part of the day.
- Light could be admitted to hallways and interior rooms that had no other window
- See also Cosy Federation Interiors
5. Fireplaces
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| Launceston, Tasmania: Manor house fireplace, Harrap house two fireplaces |
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| Cosy Federation sitting room at Travancore, 608 Riversdale Rd Camberwell (1899) |
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| Edwardian fireplace at 18 Kintore Street Camberwell, Vic. |
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The Federation or Edwardian fireplace rejected Victorian styles and fireplace practices (Victorian fireplaces were not efficient).
- As the Federation house expressed a desire for informality, fireplaces were often moved to the corner of a room, or situated in cosy nooks and bays.
- The fireside inglenook created an informal area for reading and conversation.
- See also Federation Fireplaces and Cosy Federation Interiors
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| Arts and Crafts interior at ‘Susquahana’ 162 Cross Road, Malvern, S.A. |
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| Inglenook fireplace at ‘Strathearn’, 8 Stanhope Grove, Camberwell, Victoria |
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| Carefully detailed Edwardian style timber joinery at 15 Currajong Avenue, Camberwell, Vic 3124 |
6. Federation Bathrooms
- In an Edwardian bathroom, there’s tile across the whole floor and tile or wainscotting half or a third of the way up the wall to make the surfaces easy to clean, and the walls above topped with light pastel colors or floral patterns.
- Empty corners and open spaces were the rule, with only as much exposed plumbing as was expressly needed to fill a Clawfoot Tub and feed the Console Sink and toilet.
- Edwardian bathrooms, as with the rest of Edwardian architecture, utilized lots of natural light, so there’re lots of large windows, light pastel color schemes, and often bouquets of fresh flowers to emphasize the bright, natural aspect of the bathroom.
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| Period bathroom at 15 Currajong Avenue Camberwell VIC 3124 |
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| Original Federation style bathroom with modern shower and tap ware. |
Houses Referenced as Great Works of Federation Art:
(in order of appearance above)
Edzell, 76 St Georges Road Toorak Victoria;
- See also Edzell House, Melbourne mansion, Top Federation Houses
- Old listing; Heritage Listed Location; c1892. Magnificent mansion originally designed by the architects Reed Smart and Tappin in 1892 for James Cooper Stewart. In 1917 the noted architect Walter Richmond Butler designed extensive but sympathetic external additions in (Queen Anne) Elizabethan Revival style. Sold 2013 to Andrew Abercrombie. Bought in late 2011 for $11 million by Simone Semmens.
The Gables Mansion and Gardens, 15 Finch St, Malvern East VIC 3145
- See also Architects Ussher and Kemp
- NOT a Heritage Listed Location (Why Not?); The Gables is a notable domestic example of the (Queen Anne) Gothic Revival style by architects Ussher and Kemp,
- No detail has been spared in the maintenance of this century-old residence, from the stained glass windows and open fireplaces, to the classic furnishings and elegant period detailing.
- Built in 1902 by local property developer Lawrence Alfred Birchnell. The Gables is considered one of the most prominent houses in the Gascoigne and Waverley Estates. Renowned Queen Anne architects Ussher and Kemp celebrate Australian flora and fauna in the intricate plasterwork and leadlight throughout the mansion. William Guilfoyl the master landscape architect of the Royal Botanical Gardens designed the garden which retains much of it original structure today.
Lugano, 17 Victoria Square Ashfield NSW;
- recent listing; circa 1916, regarded as one of Ashfield’s finest period homes.
- Sold for $4,400,000 Mon 21-Sep-2015
- See also Classic Federation Houses
Kira, 27 Balwyn Road, Camberwell, Victoria
- by Architects Ussher and Kemp; Grade A Heritage listing;
- Sold for $1,205,000 Sept 1999
- See also Camberwell heritage
Booloominbah by John Horbury Hunt, UNE Armidale NSW;
- See also Architect John Horbury Hunt; Tourist attraction;
- Heritage Listed Location; Booloominbah was designed for Frederick Robert White in about 1882 by John Horbury Hunt and built by local building contractors William Seabrook and John Brown in 1888. The White family occupied the house until 1933. Booloominbah reflects the Gothic revivalist influences of the ‘Queen Anne’ style. Wikipedia listing.
Manor House, 36 Lyttleton Street East Launceston Tasmania;
- Launceston Heritage listed as ‘Victoria League House’; built in 1905 by J. & T. Gunn; Recent listing; On Register of Twentieth Century Launceston Architecture; external Heritage data sheet; Listed on Register of Tasmanian architecture – Australian Institute of Architects
- Sold by private treaty 03 February 2015 for $1,140,000; Gallery of photos;
- Architect: J. Martyn Haenke; One of Haenke’s finest buildings. The major internal space is a large open two storey high hall with stair and chimney inglenook at the base, which finds its external expression in the squat turret which penetrates the hipped roof. The exterior displays a wonderful fluidly detailed verandah, echoed in the original front fence.
- SHOULD be Nationally Heritage Registered. SHOULD be listed by the National Trust.
- See also Launceston Federation Houses
Harrap House, now Egremont 20 Welman Street, Launceston TAS.
- designed for the Harrap family (Ada, May, and brother George) by J Martyn Haenke;
- now operating as Egremont Bed And Breakfast;
- Tasmanian Heritage Register #4696; SHOULD be listed by the National Trust.
Travancore 608 Riversdale Road, Camberwell, Victoria. 3124;
- Sold: Sat 11-Aug-12 for $3,200,000; “Ussher & Kemp Grandeur“
- See also Architects Ussher and Kemp
Lenoma, 7 Chrystobel Crescent Hawthorn, Victoria;
- previously Heritage listed; constructed around 1915 at the end of the second phase of Grace Park development;
- see Hawthorn Federation Heritage; Last Advertised Price : December 2007, In excess of $5.2 Million
- possibly designed by Christopher Cowper.
- “This gracious six bedroom and study Federation residence c1910 is a grand two-level domain of rich original charm and light with street and parkland frontage in the exclusive heart of the prestigious Grace Park Estate”
- See also Picturesque Queen Anne, Top Federation Houses
Hollowforth, 146 Kurraba Road, Kurraba Point, NSW 2089,
- by Architect Edward Jeaffreson Jackson; State Heritage Listed;
- A dramatic and innovative architectural statement in the shingle style by one of the leading architects of the Federation era.
- See also Architect E. Jeaffreson Jackson
Trevenna UNE Armidale NSW, by John Horbury Hunt;
- Trevenna is the residence of the Vice-Chancellor of the University of New England, in Armidale, New South Wales, Australia. The house was built in 1892.
- See also Architect John Horbury Hunt
Officer House, 55 Outlook Drive Eaglemont Victoria;
- Heritage listed in Victoria. Built in 1903, a residence designed by Harold Desbrowe Annear. Annear was one of Australia’s leading and most innovative Arts and Crafts architects the early twentieth century.
- See also Architect Harold Desbrowe-Annear
4 Elsmere Street East Launceston;
- Launceston Heritage Listed; THR ID #4183
- See also Launceston Federation Houses
Little Milton, 26 Albany Road, Toorak, Melbourne, Victoria;
- Heritage Listed; Little Milton is was built in 1926 and was designed in the Old English/Arts and Crafts style by Muriel Stott (1889-1985) in association with the architectural firm Stephenson and Meldrum for the Moran family
- The circa-1926, five-bedroom mansion at 26 Albany Road, said to be Toorak’s most expensive street, is at the north-east corner of Whernside Avenue. A tennis court was installed recently atop a 12-car underground garage.
- Sold Fri 06-Apr-2012 for $12,000,000
- See also Top Federation Houses, Melbourne’s Federation Heritage, Nopthing little about Little Milton
Amalfi 2 Appian Way, Burwood, NSW;
- old listing; part of Burwood’s Appian Way Conservation Area; Burwood Heritage Trail; classified by the National Trust; Listed on the Australian Heritage Commission’s Register of the National Estate for “The Appian Way Precinct”; as Australia’s finest private model garden estate.
- See also Appian Way Houses, Federation Bungalow style
Rokeby, 78 Athelstan Road Camberwell Victoria;
- Boroondara City heritage listed; Victorian Heritage listed HO369
- See also Camberwell heritage
Blackwood 13 Kasouka Road, Camberwell, Victoria;
- Heritage listed in State of Victoria; old listing
- See also Camberwell heritage
15 Currajong Avenue Camberwell VIC 3124; old listing;
- See also Camberwell heritage
Susquahana 162 Cross Road, Malvern SA; listed for $1,5m
Earlsferry House and Grounds 1A Nurstead Ave, Bassendean, W.A.
- W.A. State Registered Place Heritage Place No. 128
Derry, 12 Phillips Street, Neutral Bay, NSW 2089
- former home of May Gibbs; as the house where May Gibbs wrote Gumnut Babies 1916 and Snugglepot and Cuddlepie 1918, ‘Derry’ is particularly important.
- Heritage Registered in NSW
Cremorne, 34 Mullens Street, Hamilton, City of Brisbane,Queensland
- Sold by private treaty 18 December 2015 – price undisclosed, but reported as asking for “$7m plus”
- Cremorne was designed by the Sydney architects Eaton & Bates and built from 1905
- Cremorne was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.
- The front elevation is dominated by a deep, open verandah with large rotundas or pavilions at the southwest and southeast corners, which take advantage of the views and river breezes. This verandah has simple timber valances, posts and balusters, and the rotundas have ogee-shaped cupolas above a frieze of pink and green glass panels
- Offered for sale for the second time in its 110 year history, this iconic estate originally built in 1905, has the elegant heritage exterior of a Queenslander but inside, the home has received a complete contemporary restoration and heritage approved pavilion extension.
- Receiving the 2009 State Residential Architecture Houses Award, its exquisite internal features include stained glass windows, 13 foot high ceilings, three fireplaces, chandeliers and polished timber flooring.
Monterey Federation Apartments, 1 Avenue Road MOSMAN, NSW
- Heritage Registered in NSW
- “The Monterey” was built in the early 1900s as a private waterside residence and guesthouse. Falling into dereliction, the mansion was completely restored and turned into a restaurant and residence, eventually being converted into 5 luxury strata apartments in the 1980s.
Kianga, New South Head Rd, Vaucluse, NSW
- Bettina Hemmes, the low-profile interior designer daughter of the famous Hemmes family, bought Kianga, a five-bedroom Federation house in Vaucluse at auction on Nov 24, 2010 for $12.6 million.
- See also Top Federation Houses, Kianga Vaucluse Federation House
Werona, 33 Trevallyn Road, Trevallyn, Tas 7250;
- old listing; Launceston Heritage registered
- See also Launceston Tasmanian Heritage, Launceston Federation Houses
Braemar, 36 Currajong Avenue, Camberwell, Victoria; old listing
- See also Camberwell heritage
Chadwick House 32-34 The Eyrie, Eaglemont, Victoria,
- Chadwick House was designed in 1904 by the architect Harold Desbrowe Annear for his father-in-law, James Chadwick;
- Victorian Heritage Listed
- See also Architect Harold Desbrowe-Annear
Coomaroo, 63A Albany Road Toorak, Victoria
- Sold to property developer, and neighbour Len Warson for $8.4 million in 2007 (and still intact)
- See also Top Federation Houses, Melbourne’s Federation Heritage
46 Bowen Crescent Carlton North 3054;
- old listing; Last sold for $525,000 in Dec 1988
Vermont, 16 Adelaide Street, East Launceston. Tasmania;
- old listing; Listed by Register of Twentieth Century architecture in Launceston report byMorris-Nunn, “
- “For those who love all things Federation, 16 Adelaide Street, East Launceston must be almost as good as it gets. In outstanding condition this house remains fundamentally untouched with all its original period features still intact.”
- Sold Wed 19-Feb-14 for $650,000
Carramah, 31 Canterbury Road, Camberwell, Victoria;
- with superbly landscaped and maintained gardens, this landmark residence showcases the elegance and graciousness of classicUssher & Kemp architecture;
- old listing; Sold Wed 23-Feb-11 for $4,075,000
- See also Camberwell heritage
Auld Reekie, 511 Royal Parade Parkville, Victoria;
- Heritage Listed Location;
- See also Picturesque Queen Anne, Parkville Golden Mile, Melbourne’s Federation Heritage
- Auld Reekie is the last remaining example of the grand mansions once gracing Royal Parade. Fully restored with exceptional craftsmanship, featuring 13 principle rooms over two storeys.
Talarno c1890 18 Kintore Street Camberwell, Victoria;
- old listing; Sold for $2,685,000 in 22 Feb 2014 (Auction)[ Last Sold $1,450,000 in Oct 2004; Rent $975 pw in Apr 2010
- See also Camberwell heritage
Strathearn 18 Stanhope Grove, Camberwell, Victoria; old listing
- Landmark Edwardian residence beautifully showcases the elegance of the early 1900s,
- Sold : Fri 11-May-2012 for price $3,000,000
- See also Camberwell heritage
Great Australian Federation Architects referenced
- Architects Ussher and Kemp in Victoria
- Architect John Horbury Hunt, NSW, Queensland
- Architect J. Martyn Haenke in Queensland and Tasmania
- Architect Edward Jeaffreson Jackson, NSW
- Victorian architects Harold Desbrowe-Annear, Rodney Alsop and Walter Butler.
- Tasmanian architect Alexander North; An architectural free spirit
- ^ http://www.athomeinnorthsydney.com.au/federation–english-revival.html
- ^ http://www.antiquehome.org/Architectural-Style/tudor.htm
- ^ http://www.antiquehome.org/Architectural-Style/tudor.htm
- ^ http://www.athomeinnorthsydney.com.au/federation–english-revival.html
- ^ ‘The Federation House, Australia’s Own Style’ by Fraser and Joyce
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